Exploring Causes of One-Sided Leg Swelling in Seniors
Intro
Swelling in one leg, often termed unilateral leg swelling, can be a perplexing issue, especially for the elderly. As people age, they encounter various health challenges, and the reasons behind leg swelling can be multifaceted. Understanding these underlying causes is vital, not just for healthcare professionals, but also for family members and caregivers.
Article Overview
In this exploration, we will delve into several key aspects of one leg swelling, shedding light on both the medical and lifestyle-related factors that contribute to this condition. By parsing through the complexities, we aim to provide clarity on the potential pitfalls and considerations necessary for effective management.
Summary of Key Findings
The causes of unilateral leg swelling can stem from a variety of pathways. These can include:
- Venous Insufficiency: When veins struggle to push blood back to the heart, pooling can lead to swelling.
- Lymphatic Obstruction: Problems in the lymphatic system can cause fluid to accumulate.
- Infections: Cellulitis or other infections in the leg can result in localized swelling.
- Lifestyle Factors: Prolonged sitting or standing can exacerbate swelling, and poor diet may contribute as well.
Research Objectives
This article seeks to achieve a better understanding of these conditions through systematic exploration. By integrating various medical insights and lifestyle considerations, we aim to provide actionable solutions and preventive measures. The goal's not just to inform but to enhance the quality of life for seniors impacted by leg swelling, encouraging early intervention and effective treatment options.
Key Results and Discussions
Main Findings
Here are some focal points to consider:
- The condition's root can often be traced back to some underlying health issue. Without addressing these, the swelling may persist or worsen.
- Factors like dehydration, a lack of physical activity, or medication side effects, can amplify the concern.
- The aging process itself brings about physiological changes that affect blood circulation and fluid balance.
Implications of Findings
Understanding these causes not only aids caregivers in making informed decisions, but equips healthcare professionals with the necessary knowledge to offer tailored treatment plans. It cannot be overstated how integral it is to monitor these symptoms closely.
"The body mirrors the intricacies of its age; hence, it is crucial to heed its subtle signals."
In closing, as we venture further into the specifics, an in-depth examination of the causes and treatment options will follow. Knowledge is the first step towards addressing health issues and enhancing well-being.
Foreword
Leg swelling can be a disconcerting issue among the elderly population, often hinting at more profound health concerns lurking beneath the surface. At first glance, it might seem like just an annoyance, but understanding the underlying causes of one-leg swelling can hold the key to maintaining a quality life in senior years. It’s not just about discomfort; it’s about identifying potential medical conditions that can vastly alter one's quality of life.
Prevalence of Leg Swelling in the Elderly
The phenomenon of leg swelling, especially unilateral swelling (where only one leg is affected), is not as rare as one might think among older adults. Research suggests that a significant portion of seniors experience this issue at least once in their lives. According to recent studies, it can affect up to 20% of individuals in this age group. The prevalence often increases with age due to several interconnected factors, including declining physical health and emerging chronic conditions. Having one leg swell may indicate something vital and timely action can be required to address the underlying problems.
Importance of Understanding Causes
Understanding the reasons behind leg swelling in the elderly goes beyond mere knowledge; it paves the way for effective management options. Each case needs differentiation because the causes can vastly differ—from local issues, like an injury or infection, to systemic problems associated with the heart or kidneys. By grasping the root cause, individuals can work closely with healthcare providers to develop tailored strategies for treatment.
Moreover, knowing the causes can enhance awareness about preventive measures as well. For instance, understanding how a sedentary lifestyle contributes to swelling encourages physical activity among seniors, while recognizing the impacts of diet can prompt adjustments in nutritional habits.
This knowledge arms not only the elderly but also caregivers and family members with the tools needed to monitor symptoms accurately and seek appropriate help when needed. Ultimately, it’s about creating an environment in which the elderly can thrive, rather than just survive.
"If you can understand the 'why' behind the swelling, you can better approach solutions."
Being proactive in addressing leg swelling can significantly improve both physical health and emotional well-being, helping seniors maintain their independence and quality of life.
Physiological Changes with Aging
The aging process brings along a multitude of physiological changes that can significantly influence various bodily functions. Understanding these changes is essential, especially when discussing health issues like leg swelling in the elderly. As individuals age, their bodies undergo various modifications that can contribute directly to poorer venous functions and fluid regulation.
In this section, we will specifically explore two key elements that are pivotal to understanding why swelling in one leg might occur among older populations: decreased venous return and altered fluid balance. These factors are not just incidental; they form the bedrock of how age can shape health outcomes, especially regarding swelling and overall limb health.
Decreased Venous Return
One of the more critical aspects that contribute to leg swelling during advanced age is decreased venous return. As people's veins naturally lose elasticity over time, their ability to effectively return blood from the lower limbs back to the heart diminishes. This is a fundamental concept that can be tied back to the very structure and function of veins themselves.
- Venous valves may become less effective. These valves are designed to prevent blood from pooling in the legs, however, if they weaken, blood can accumulate.
- Inactivity in older individuals can exacerbate this situation. Sedentary behavior can slow blood flow, further enhancing fluid accumulation in the legs, leading to increased swelling.
Additionally, certain medical conditions can contribute to this issue. For example, chronic venous insufficiency involves the vein's inability to send blood back to the heart effectively, which can lead to significant swelling, pain, or even skin changes. Understanding decreased venous return is crucial because it allows healthcare practitioners to identify preventable factors and employ management strategies to enhance circulation in at-risk seniors.
"Understanding how decreased venous return occurs can enlighten caregivers and healthcare providers, enabling them to take proactive measures in managing elderly patients' leg health."
Altered Fluid Balance
Another significant factor affecting leg swelling is altered fluid balance. With age, the kidneys may not function as efficiently, which can lead to fluid overload and contribute to swelling. Various hormonal changes also play a part here, including those that affect sodium and water retention.
Key points include:
- Hormonal Changes: The balance of hormones such as aldosterone can change, leading to difficulties in regulating fluid levels properly.
- Medication Impact: Many elderly individuals take medications for various health issues, and certain drugs can exacerbate fluid retention. For instance, corticosteroids are infamous for causing edema.
- Dietary Factors: An increase in salt intake can lead to fluid retention, making it essential for older adults to monitor their sodium consumption closely.
In sum, a thorough comprehension of altered fluid balance is essential for understanding the clinical implications of one-leg swelling. Addressing these imbalances through lifestyle changes and medical intervention can lead to significant improvements in seniors’ quality of life and decrease the frequency of such complications.
Common Medical Conditions
Understanding the connection between common medical conditions and unilateral leg swelling in the elderly is crucial. The elderly population is increasingly susceptible to various health issues, frequently leading to swelling in one leg. Different conditions manifest distinctively, so recognizing the specific ailment is key to effective management. By focusing on these conditions, we aim to shed light on symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment options that can assist both caregivers and medical practitioners in addressing this critical health concern.
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Pathophysiology
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) arises when the veins cannot pump enough blood back to the heart. The valves in the veins, which are meant to prevent backflow, may become damaged or weakened over time. As blood pools in the legs, it can lead to increased pressure, causing swelling. A significant aspect of this condition is the impact it has on the skin and underlying tissues. It often results in a characteristic darkening of the skin due to persistent pressure, making it a relevant point of focus in our discussion.
Symptoms
Common symptoms of CVI include swelling, aching, and fatigue in the legs. Patients often report a feeling of heaviness, especially after prolonged periods of standing. This symptom profile is particularly useful for early detection, as increased awareness can lead to quicker interventions. Moreover, it can help differentiate CVI from other causes of leg swelling, which may not present the same way.
Management Options
Managing CVI typically involves lifestyle changes, such as increasing physical activity, elevating the legs, and wearing compression stockings. These strategies aim to relieve symptoms and enhance venous function. Compression therapy can be particularly effective, offering a straightforward method for reducing swelling and improving blood flow. While not a cure, these management options play a vital role in alleviating discomfort and prolonging patients' functional independence.
Heart Failure
Mechanisms Behind Swelling
Heart failure can cause swelling by leading to fluid buildup due to the heart’s inability to pump blood efficiently. This fluid retention typically produces swelling in the feet and legs, especially noticeable in one limb when other factors may come into play. Understanding the mechanisms at work is critical for both diagnosis and treatment.
Diagnosis
The diagnostic process for heart failure usually includes a physical examination, medical history evaluation, and diagnostic imaging like echocardiograms. Identifying heart failure is important because its symptoms can overlap with other conditions, making accurate diagnosis essential for treatment. Furthermore, heart failure can exacerbate other conditions like kidney disease, which complicates patient management.
Treatment Strategies
Treatment for heart failure often includes medications to help the heart function better, such as diuretics to reduce fluid accumulation. Patient education on managing heart failure is vital, as it empowers individuals to monitor their symptoms effectively. Adhering to prescribed treatments can greatly improve quality of life.
Lymphedema
Causes of Lymphedema in the Elderly
Lymphedema can develop due to age-related changes in the lymphatic system or as a consequence of surgical procedures, including cancer treatments. Surgical lymphedema is particularly relevant, especially after lymph nodes are removed, impacting fluid drainage. Understanding the specific causes of lymphedema not only aids in baseline knowledge but also influences management and prevention strategies.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of lymphedema relies heavily on clinical evaluation and may involve imaging studies. Detection often hinges on a thorough history and physical examination, which is essential since there are no definitive tests for lymphedema. This can sometimes delay treatment, emphasizing the importance of early recognition in older patients.
Managing Symptoms
Managing lymphedema primarily involves strategies such as compression garments, exercise, and skin care. Patient education on self-management can make a significant difference in their daily lives, minimizing discomfort. These approaches can prevent severe complications, which is essential for enhancing the quality of life in elderly individuals.
Lifestyle and Environmental Factors
Factors tied to one's lifestyle and surrounding environment play a crucial role in understanding leg swelling, especially when looking at the elderly population. As mobility may decrease with age, habits built over a lifetime can significantly impact leg health. Moreover, these factors are often intertwined with medical conditions, making a comprehensive approach essential for tackling swelling.
Sedentary Lifestyle
Impact on Limb Health
A sedentary lifestyle can lead to numerous issues, particularly in enhancing the risk of leg swelling. Many seniors, due to lack of stimulation or physical complications, might stick to their armchairs for extended periods. This inactivity can significantly hinder blood circulation. Essentially, when blood flow slows down, it creates an environment ripe for fluid accumulation in the lower legs. The key characteristic here is that prolonged immobility doesn’t just affect the legs; it tends to set off a domino effect, influencing overall health.
One unique feature of this situation is that seniors might not even realize that their daily routines contribute to leg problems. For instance, a person who enjoys reading or watching television all day might think they’re not doing any harm. However, it might lead to discomfort later on, as fluid retention becomes a common issue. When comparing the advantages of regular movement versus the consequences of staying put, the scales definitely tip in favor of activity. Encouraging simple exercises or gentle walks can drastically improve limb health.
Encouraging Mobility
Now, let’s dive into how to boost mobility among seniors. Encouraging Mobility is about making small changes to lifestyle to promote movement. This doesn’t necessarily mean becoming a gym buff; rather, it involves integrating simple activities throughout the day. For instance, standing up every hour or using the stairs instead of the elevator can work wonders.
The key characteristic here is moderation. Even stretching or light movements can lead to better stimulation of circulation in the legs, improving lymphatic drainage and lessening swelling. A unique feature of this approach is that it’s achievable for everyone, regardless of fitness level. Snagging some regular movement has its advantages: it not only curtails fluid buildup but also lays the groundwork for more robust overall health as seniors age.
Dietary Influences
Sodium Intake and Fluid Retention
Next on the roster is dietary influences, with sodium intake being a prime player. Too much sodium in the diet leads to increased fluid retention, a vital factor behind unilateral leg swelling. High-sodium foods, often found in some pre-packaged meals and processed snacks, can cause the body to hold onto excess water, amplifying leg swelling.
What makes sodium's role particularly key is that it’s not just about the occasional salty meal. Regularly consuming high-sodium foods can contribute to chronic issues. Notably, an elderly person might unknowingly sustain this habit, which could massively impact their leg swelling issue. One unique feature of monitoring sodium is that it can be quite straightforward; it often requires simple dietary adjustments. For instance, swapping out table salt for herbs or spices can still pack a flavor punch while keeping sodium levels in check.
Hydration and Its Importance
Continuing the dietary theme, hydration plays a vital role as well. It’s a common misconception that drinking less water might help to avoid swelling. In reality, sufficient hydration supports healthy kidney function and aids in fluid balance, which in turn reduces swelling. Hydration’s key characteristic lies in its ability to flush out toxins and excess sodium from the body.
A unique feature of maintaining hydration is that it’s simple to implement. Aiming for an adequate intake of fluids throughout the day can prevent dehydration while surprisingly reducing fluid retention in the extremities. Encouragement to drink water regularly rather than waiting for thirst cues can be particularly beneficial as the elderly sometimes have less keen thirst signals.
Medication Side Effects
Common Medications Linked to Swelling
Medications can often contribute to swelling, significantly influencing the elderly population. Certain drugs, such as corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and even some antihypertensives, are notorious for causing fluid retention. Being aware of this connection is critical.
One key characteristic of this problem is that many seniors don’t associate their medications with the swelling they experience. This lack of awareness makes monitoring and adjustments difficult. A unique feature of recognizing this issue is that it bridges the gap between patient and healthcare provider, opening discussions that can lead to alternative treatments that minimize swelling while still addressing medical needs.
Consulting a Healthcare Provider
When faced with swelling that seems tied to medications, consultation with a healthcare provider is paramount. A healthcare provider can provide valuable insights regarding the risks and benefits of current medications. The key characteristic of consulting a provider is that it allows for tailored adjustments.
The consultation not only encourages better management of drug interactions but also emphasizes personalized care, important for seniors managing multiple conditions. A unique feature of this interaction is that it instills a sense of empowerment—seniors can take charge of their treatment, carefully balancing necessary medications with potential side effects like swelling. Engaging in regular discussions with one's healthcare provider ensures that every party is aligned toward managing health effectively.
Differential Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis plays a pivotal role in understanding the causes of one leg swelling in elderly individuals. It’s like being handed a puzzle where each piece could reveal an underlying health issue. Identifying the specific condition behind the swelling helps to guide the choice of treatment, which can dramatically influence the quality of life for seniors.
In tackling this topic, healthcare professionals focus on several key elements:
- Comprehensive understanding: A thorough differential diagnosis allows for the identification of serious conditions that may present similarly, such as deep vein thrombosis or a ruptured Baker's cyst.
- Tailored management: Knowing the exact cause helps in determining the most effective interventions, whether that means lifestyle adjustments or medical treatments.
- Prevention of complications: Early identification may lead to issuing recommendations to avoid further complications, potentially preventing hospitalizations or chronic issues.
Identifying the Underlying Cause
Physical Examination
The physical examination stands out as a classic approach in identifying the cause. It’s often the first step a healthcare provider takes when assessing swelling. This method has its merits and is widely considered a beneficial choice for several reasons.
A key characteristic of the physical examination is its immediacy. It provides real-time feedback based on observable signs, such as skin temperature, tenderness, and color changes. This hands-on assessment can unveil telltale signs pointing to specific conditions like venous insufficiency.
One might say it offers a unique feature: accessibility. Anyone can undergo a physical exam without complex technology or preparation. However, it has its drawbacks. For instance, less experienced practitioners may miss subtle symptoms that could lead to misdiagnosis.
Diagnostic Imaging
On the other hand, diagnostic imaging supplements the physical examination well. Techniques such as ultrasound or MRI play a critical role in visualizing internal structures. This contributes significantly to pinpointing abnormalities that aren't visible on the surface.
The key advantage of diagnostic imaging is its ability to reveal detailed anatomical information that can aid in diagnosing conditions like lymphedema or vascular blockages. It’s a robust tool that can provide clarity in ambiguous situations, cementing its place as a popular method in the diagnostic process.
However, one must be aware that diagnostic imaging is not without its downsides. The reliance on imaging can lead to delays if further appointments are required, and the costs involved might also present a barrier for some patients.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Recognizing when to seek medical attention is crucial for seniors experiencing unilateral leg swelling. Prompt intervention is often necessary to prevent further complications. It's essential to be alert to certain signs:
- Sudden swelling, especially if accompanied by pain or redness, could indicate thrombosis.
- Persistent swelling that does not improve after simple home remedies should be reason enough to reach out to a healthcare provider.
- Heat and tenderness around the swollen area are red flags that signal an urgent need for evaluation.
Being proactive is key. Consulting with a healthcare provider early on can lead to timely and effective management. After all, understanding the causes of leg swelling is not just about treatment; it's about lifestyle enrichment and maintaining health.
Treatment and Management Strategies
Understanding how to effectively manage one leg swelling is imperative for enhancing the quality of life for elderly individuals. Proper treatment and management can alleviate discomfort, improve mobility, and stave off further complications. In this section, we will delve into the various strategies available, focusing on compression therapy, medication management, and physical therapy. These methods not only aim to reduce swelling but also address underlying causes, thus providing comprehensive care for seniors.
Compression Therapy
Compression therapy involves the use of specialized garments or devices to exert controlled pressure on the swollen limb. This approach encourages better blood circulation, helping to reduce fluid accumulation in the tissues. Here are a few key points to consider:
- Types of Compression Garments: Graduated compression stockings and sleeves are the most common types used. They differ in levels of compression and can be tailored to individual needs, with higher pressure near the ankle and less pressure as it goes up the leg.
- Benefits: Many patients report a significant reduction in swelling, along with improved comfort and mobility. Compression therapy can also prevent further complications, including skin infections or mobility issues triggered by prolonged swelling.
- Considerations: It’s vital to ensure that the garments fit properly, as overly tight compression can lead to other health issues. Seniors should consult healthcare providers to find the right fit and pressure level.
"Compression therapy not only alleviates discomfort but also enhances overall limb function, making daily activities feel more manageable for seniors."
Medication Management
In some cases, medications may be a necessary part of managing swelling in one leg. This can include diuretics, commonly known as "water pills," that help to reduce fluid retention. Here are some points regarding medication management:
- Diuretics: These medications help the body eliminate excess fluid, thus potentially reducing swelling. However, the use of diuretics must be closely monitored by a healthcare provider as they can lead to dehydration or electrolyte imbalances.
- Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen might also be used to reduce any accompanying pain and inflammation. However, caution is necessary, especially if there are pre-existing kidney conditions.
- Regular Monitoring: As medications can interact with other treatments, it’s crucial for patients to have regular check-ups and discuss any new symptoms with their healthcare provider.
Physical Therapy
Incorporating physical therapy into the management strategy can yield numerous benefits for elderly individuals experiencing leg swelling. Physical therapists can provide guided exercises tailored to build strength and improve circulation. Here are some key elements:
- Tailored Exercise Plan: Physical therapy focuses on specific exercises that can both strengthen the leg muscles and enhance blood flow, thus promoting better venous return and alleviating swelling. Exercises might include ankle pumps, leg lifts, or gentle stretching.
- Education on Movement: Physical therapists not only provide exercises but also educate patients on ways to incorporate more movement into their day-to-day lives. It could be as simple as encouraging frequent walking or standing when possible.
- Support Devices: For those who struggle with balance or strength, therapists might also recommend mobility aids. These can help reduce the risk of falls while ensuring that the individual remains active, thereby reducing swelling over time.
Preventive Measures
Taking steps to prevent one-leg swelling in the elderly is crucial. Understanding how to maintain proper leg health can make a significant difference. Preventive measures are not just a good idea; they’re essential to improving quality of life. This section outlines some practical approaches that can help the elderly mitigate leg swelling and its implications.
Exercise Recommendations
Regular exercise is one of the most beneficial preventive measures. Good blood flow encourages the body to function correctly, and the limbs need this circulation to avoid pooling fluids. Low-impact activities like walking or swimming can be quite gentle on the joints while still promoting circulation.
- Start Slow: It’s important for seniors to ease into any exercise. A simple stroll around the neighborhood or gentle yoga can help.
- Focus on Flexibility: Stretching exercises not only increase flexibility but can also promote better circulation in the legs.
- Knee and Ankle Exercises: Even sitting exercises can benefit. For example, elevating legs and moving ankles in circles helps enhance venous return.
These physical activities don’t have to be strenuous but should be incorporated regularly into one’s routine. An active lifestyle is not just about avoiding swelling; it's also about overall well-being.
Dietary Adjustments
Diet plays a pivotal role in managing overall health, including preventing swelling. Certain foods can either help reduce the risk or exacerbate swelling.
- Limit Sodium Intake: High sodium levels can cause the body to retain water. Cutting back on processed and salty foods is advisable for elders who experience swelling.
- Stay Hydrated: It may seem counterintuitive, but drinking enough water is essential. Proper hydration can help flush out excess sodium and reduce swelling.
- Eat Potassium-Rich Foods: Foods like bananas, spinach, and sweet potatoes help balance fluids in the body.
Adopting these dietary adjustments also comes with the bonus of improving overall health. A strong nutritional foundation helps maintain a healthy weight, which can further benefit circulation.
Monitoring Health Conditions
Keeping a close eye on ongoing health issues is critical. Many conditions can cause or worsen leg swelling, and not all are immediately apparent.
- Regular Check-ups: Seniors should not overlook routine examinations with their healthcare providers. A doctor can identify underlying health issues early on, making management easier.
- Track Changes: Monitoring any changes in swelling or associated symptoms helps doctors evaluate what’s happening. Keeping a journal might help notice patterns and triggers.
- Know When to Seek Help: Understanding when to contact a healthcare provider for significant changes in swelling is key. If swelling is accompanied by pain or redness, that could signal a more serious issue.
"Prevention is better than cure." Taking the time to adopt these preventive measures might just save an elderly individual from the discomfort of swelling legs and its related concerns over time.
By combining exercises, mindful eating, and vigilant health monitoring, it’s possible to make strides in preventing one-leg swelling. The goal isn’t just comfort; it’s empowering the elderly to enjoy their lives to the fullest.
Closure
As we draw this exploration to a close, the emphasis on understanding one leg swelling in the elderly cannot be overstated. The phenomenon is not merely a cosmetic nuisance but often serves as a telling sign of deeper health issues at play. Acknowledging the causes behind the swelling—ranging from chronic conditions like venous insufficiency to lifestyle choices—allows for timely interventions that can significantly improve the quality of life for seniors.
Understanding key points from this analysis reveals how intertwined various factors—physiological changes, medical conditions, and lifestyle habits—are in contributing to unilateral leg swelling. For instance, the body's declining ability to manage fluids effectively exacerbates symptoms, while sedentary behaviors only serve to compound the issue. Furthermore, medications that the elderly often take can introduce additional complications, making it paramount for caregivers and healthcare providers to be vigilant.
By summarizing these insights, we see the broader picture of patient care—one that is preventative and proactive rather than reactive. It encourages early identification of symptoms and thoughtful management of underlying conditions. Thus, the article underscores the importance of connecting the dots between different aspects of health in aging populations. Beyond simply treating symptoms, it becomes essential to foster a holistic understanding of how lifestyle, medical support, and community resources can collectively mitigate leg swelling and enhance overall well-being.
As we move towards a future that increasingly values preventative healthcare, this subject will gain even more relevance. Not only does it call for more comprehensive research into the specific causes and effects of unilateral leg swelling, but it also suggests a clear need for collaboration between healthcare professionals, patients, and their families to ensure a cohesive approach to treatment.
In sum, raising awareness about one leg swelling in the elderly is not just about observing a medical condition; it's about nurturing an environment where proactive steps can be taken. This undoubtedly paves the way for a healthier later life, ensuring that the elderly not only live longer but thrive in their golden years.
Summarizing Key Points
- Prevalence: One leg swelling is a common concern among the elderly and can signal serious health issues.
- Causes: Various factors like chronic venous insufficiency, heart failure, and lymphedema contribute to this condition.
- Lifestyle Impacts: Sedentary behavior, dietary choices, and medication effects play significant roles.
- Management Approaches: Effective management includes compression therapy, medication adjustments, and physical therapy.
Future Directions in Research
Research into unilateral leg swelling must focus on several pivotal areas for improvement:
- Longitudinal Studies: These can provide insights on how aging influences fluid dynamics over time.
- Intervention Strategies: Testing new therapies or lifestyle changes will help determine the most effective ways to prevent and manage swelling.
- Patient Education: Research should also explore how knowledge and understanding among patients can influence outcomes. Emphasizing self-care techniques might just be the key to reducing hospital visits.
The complexity of one leg swelling in the elderly invites a thorough investigation that incorporates patient experiences, healthcare practices, and socio-economic influences, creating a multi-faceted approach to tackling this issue.
